History of Diving

History of Diving

History of DivingDiving is an activity carried out under the surface of the water, with or without the use of tools, to achieve a particular goal.Diving, as a profession, has been known for more than 5000 years ago. Old diver may not be able to reach a depth of over 100 feet. Typically this activity is done to take the shells and pearls. In the history of Greece, Herodotus tells of a diver named Scyllis Persian King Xerxes employed to retrieve the sunken treasure in the 5th century BC.Since ancient times, the divers also used for the military, such as the sinking enemy ships, anchors cut and perforate the vessel from the bottom. Alexander The Great ¡° ¡± to send divers to tear down the harbor in the city of Tyra (Lebanon), which then ruled in 332 BC.The ancient divers also used to salvage sunken. In the first century BC, especially in the western Mediterranean, the divers was organized and a payment is prescribed by law. The payout depends on the depth of water dived. If the depth is 24 feet so divers paid ¨ ö saved items. Given the depth of 12 feet 1/3, the depth of 3 feet then given 1/10.
Air pipeAncient divers only think that the air hose length is very important in diving. Many design that uses a long flexible tube with the top of the float. Obviously this will not work well at a depth of 3 feet, because it will cause a lack of oxygen and the diver will sink. The water pressure also increases thereby holding pipes and chest.This led to design diving equipment that uses air pipe is impractical and difficult to do.
                                                     Breathing BagPainting Assyrians in the 9th century BC depicting a diver using air tanks made of leather. Yet another interpretation explains that it is a swimmer that uses air tank to float on water.
Diving BellAround the year 1500-1800 diving bell has grown, so divers can dive in a matter of hours. Diving bell is a bell-shaped devices which are basically open within the ocean.The first diving bells so great that divers can dive in a few hours. the development of advanced, diving bell is connected to the cable from the surface. The bell can not maneuver well. The diver can stay in or exit the bell briefly holding her breath.The first diving bell was made in 1513. In 1680, adventurer named William Philip managed to lift the treasure sunk as much as $ 200,000 by this method.In 1690, an English astronomer Edmund Halley developed a diving bell, with a vat sink with ballast. Together with his friends he can survive 4 1 1/2 hours in a depth of 60 feet in the river Thomas. 26 years later, by developing better equipment it can last 4 hours in a depth of 66 feet.
Diving SuitIn 1715, an Englishman named John Lethbridge developed a wetsuit. The first time it creates a barrel of wood covered with leather, it also comes with glass on the front, and the holes for the arms. By using this apparatus the diver can do its work. This equipment is unloaded from the ship into the water. Wetsuit is quite successful, because the depth of 60 feet and a normal operation for 34 minutes. But its weakness is almost the same as diving bells, the limited supply of air.

In 1823 John and Charles Deane, patented firefighting clothing. With these clothes, firefighters can enter a burning building. In 1828, the patented apparel for diving, which consisted of clothing that can withstand cold, helmet, and a hose that connects to the surface. Supply air from the surface and are removed through the bottom of the helmet, so that if the position of the helmet upside down it will quickly fill with water. Finally, by Augustus Siebe, this helmet is equipped with a seal at the neck and drain valve.
Several inventors worked together to make wetsuits are equipped with weapons. This outfit can adjust the pressure so that the pressure of air breathed the same air pressure surfaces. Wetsuits is a development of the clothing John Lethbridge.Use of this outfit is questionable, because of its rather stiff to perform the task. In 1930 the depth reached 700 feet, but the development has now reached 2000 feet of salt water (FSW).

CaissonsAt the same time the development of wetsuits, the inventors worked hard to develop a diving bell to increase the size and increase the capacity of the air pump so as to maintain the air pressure in the water and pulled the bell.The rapid development of the air pump increase the size of the space that is wide enough so that some workers can work under water. This is particularly useful in the construction of the foot bridge or tunnel. The room was created called caissons, in French means the big box.Caisson is designed so that divers can easily reach the surface. With use traditional key system, the pressure in the Caisson can be set when the divers go in and out. In the end Caisson growing fast.But with this much use of Caisson disease dekompressi experienced workers, so that decompression sickness is also called Caisson disease.
SCUBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)Diving equipment developed by John Deane, August Siebe does give divers a long time in the water, but much less mobility. The inventors find another method without lowering the level of danger. The best solution is to provide an air supply device that can be taken.At first it did not work because of the limited capacity of the air pump to store air under high pressure. Once this can be overcome, then the air can be stored in a place the tube in a high-pressure air supply that provides a long time.
Scuba evolving so quickly that evolved into three basic types:
Open Circuit Scuba (which all exhaust air directly released into the surrounding environment). Regulatory developed by Benoist Rouquayrol, while the system was developed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan.losed Circuit Scuba (which all exhaust air is inserted back into the system so that it can be recycled). Henry A. Fleuss developed this system in 1876 and 1878, Fleuss then successfully tested its equipment in 1879 in a water tank for almost 1 hour.Semiclosed Circuit Scuba (combination of both).


Type of DivingDiving activities can be divided into several types depending on, among others to, depth, purpose and type of equipment used.If the depth is used as a benchmark, the dive can be distinguished:

    Dangkal.Yaitu dive dive with a maximum depth of 10 m
    Sedang.Yaitu dive dive to a depth of <10 ms / d 30 m
    Dalam.Penyelaman dive to a depth of> 30 m.

If based on the objectives to be achieved in these activities, diving can be divided into:Diving for defense and security, among others:

    Tactical (Combat) diving is diving for combat duties
    Submarine Rescue, rescue submarine
    Search & Rescue (SAR)
     Inspection & Repair (inspection and repair)
    Ship Salvage

This type of dive-dive is normally done by Army divers.

    Komersial.Yaitu dive professional diving among others for the benefit of underwater construction, offshore (Off shore drilling), salvage, etc..
    Scientific Diving (Scientific Diving). The dives were conducted for scientific purposes, among others: research biology, geology, and marine archeology in general.
    Diving Sport (Sport Diving). The dives are done for the sake of maintaining or improving the health and fitness of body and soul.

To understand more clearly the types of dives, then it is best to read first diving physics, and medical aspects.
There are five common types of diving appropriate methods:
Breatholding or Free DivingIt is also called skin diving or snorkeling, diving is the easiest and most parents. Do not use the air supply, so that depending on the length of time diving divers can hold your breath. Generally divers wear masks to see in the water, fins for paddling, and snorkel to breathe when swimming with the water face down. Better still wearing wet suit, in addition to avoiding hypothermia, it can also add buoyancy.
Scuba divingUsing tubes and pressure regulator. Scuba divers usually use a tube that contains 72 or 90 cubic feet (cuft) with a pressure of 2200 or 3300 pounds per square inch gauge (PSIG). Such as snorkeling, scuba divers wear masks, fins, snorkel, weights, BC, hours of immersion, and depth gauge. To avoid hypothermia, divers use a wet suit. If the water temperature <10 OC, typically using a dry suit. In addition to the basic equipment, additional equipment is also required for security, navigation, and communication.
Surface Supplied diving or TetheredThis dive requires a supply of air from the surface continuously usually for military or commercial purposes.
Saturation divingThe concept of this dive is that in 24 hours at a certain depth, the network had to balance the body so that the time pressure and decompression profiles remain the same even if the diver in the water for days.Prior to diving, divers will usually stay in the same room-pressure with depth, then transported to the capsule or bell diving to the desired depth.
One Atmosphere divingOn this dive, divers digirup air pressure is set to be the same as at sea level (1 ATM). Leonardo Da Vinci had designed the same picture with modern models (see Armored Diving Suit), but only realized in the 20th century.
Rebreather divingThe concept is to re-circulate air that has been disposed of divers, by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen into the body before diving again. Given this concept, will dive deeper and longer, and there are no air bubbles that may interfere with vision. But scuba diving is very dangerous if not used and maintained properly.
Mixed Gas divingOn this dive did not use the free air, but using air with a certain composition. Regulated air composition can be used in berabagai other types of submarines.There are three kinds of air mixtures used in diving:
   Enhanced Nitrox (I, II)Nitrox is a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and nitrogen. Frequently used twofold Nitrox 1 (32% oxygen, 68% nitrogen) and Nitrox II (36% oxygen, 64%). Only Nitrox I, which may be used in sport diving.Actually the word means Nitrox gas mixture with a composition of oxygen <21%. Usually used in diving, and saturation diving, where the adverse effects of oxygen toxicity can dihindarai. Technically, if the oxygen concentration> 20%, the so-called "enrich air nitrox" (EAN) or "oxygen enrich air" (OEA). But in practice the terms are often confused and Nitrox EAN.With the EAN dekompressi the likelihood of disease is reduced, but the side effects will be greater oxygen toxicity. For recreational diving, its use is still under debate.Advantages and Disadvantages of Using EAN at depths of 50-130 FSW:Advantages:

     Reduce the risk of decompression sickness.
     Reduce the occurrence of nitrogen poisoning.
     Reduces residual nitrogen time (residual nitrogen).
     The time interval shorter surface.
     Reduce time decompression bottom time if the maximum is exceeded.
     Reducing the time interval survace between diving and flying.
Disadvantages:

     Require special training.
     Using special equipment Nitrox.
     Increase diving into rapid oxidation tube rusty.
     Accelerate damage to the equipment.
     Increase the risk of fire.
     Greater risk of oxygen toxicity.

   HelioxBesides nitrox, heliox is often used, which is a mixture of helium and oxygen. Helium is an inert gas, which replaces nitrogen. Its use eliminates the effects of oxygen toxicity and lower oxygen toxicity. Heliox suggested in dives> 130 FSW. Heliox is very expensive.

   TrimixTrimix is ​​a gas mixture of helium, nitrogen and oxygen. Its composition depends on the time profile subs used. The U.S. Navy used at depths> 190 FSW, and always used at extreme depths> 600 FSW.Used in recreational diving is a type of helitrox ie Trimix enriched oxygen. The mixture is often used TX 26/17 (26% oxygen, 17% helium and 57% nitrogen). Some sports diver deaths associated with the use of heliox, so the use of Trimix helitrox for recreational diving is still debated.

May be useful for readers

Sources:USN Diving Manual 6th

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